An environmental issue I have always been concerned about is animal invasion in urban and suburban areas. It is an issue that many cities across the globe face due to rapid urbanization and the depletion of natural habitats, and have to deal with in the most effective, yet civilized manner to avoid discomfort, harm, danger, chaos and conflict amongst its people or the animal kingdom. Our local baboon ‘plight’ in the Western Cape, the fox intrusion in Britain, the wild boar problem in Berlin and the global rodent control topic are a few examples of this issue, which have sparked countless debates between people of opposing opinions and the law. Depending on the ‘importance’ and nature of the animals, people and governments decide to either monitor and manage or kill the animals.
Over the last 15 years, the baboon subject of the Western Cape, and more specifically, the Chacma baboons of the Cape Peninsula have caused countless debates amongst the people who are affected and concerned about the matter. Organisations such as the Baboon Monitoring Project of Table Mountain National Park, Baboon Operational Group and Baboon Matters, an organization initiated by Jenni Trethowan work hard to relieve the plight of the baboons by keeping them out of our way to protect their existence but constantly find injured or dead baboons as many residents fear or loathe their invasive nature.
Their “pest” label from coming into conflict with man increasingly is due to the rapid urbanization over the last 50 years that has taken up kilometers of their natural habitat and simultaneously introduced them to an easier way of finding food. As they have always been regarded as a problem species, people were allowed to shoot them whenever and wherever they wanted to. In 1990 a troop of 80 baboons were exterminated which evoked serious emotional debate and in 1999 as the baboons’ existence was at a serious decline, an anti-baboon hunting legislation went through to protect them. Despite this legislation, the baboon numbers kept declining at a rapid rate.
In 2002, Jenni, Trethowan started Baboon Matters to help people understand the gentler sides of the baboons in their natural environment where they will stay if they aren’t tempted by open garbage bins, accessible houses and people who feed them. Other than the baboon monitor men, who each have their own troop(s) to watch, Trethowan offers guided tours to the baboon troops’ whereabouts to help people to understand the gentler sides of the animals. This incentive has changed many people’s opinions on the baboons and helped people to appreciate the animals for what they are and realize the baboons’ right to be in their habitat and live just as humans do (Marshall, L. 2006).
On the baboon Matters Website, Jenni Trethowan states, "I am so thrilled to see that slowly, bit by bit, it is becoming increasingly acceptable to talk about animals in terms of emotion or the loftier principles of ethics and values. We are starting to balance the cold facts with a bit of warmth that comes from doing the "right thing" (Trethowan, J. 2010).
Opposing forces, such as the Welcome Glen Baboon-Free Neighbourhood Action Group however, believe that these human visits just make the baboons more used to humans and encourage them to venture into the neighbourhoods (Marshall, L. 2006).
Compared to the wild boars frequenting the streets of Berlin, foxes moving in, under and around cities throughout Britain and rats who globally manage to live underneath floorboards, in roofs and gutters or closer to oneself than one could ever imagine, the baboons have a considerably different facet too regard. Before delving into this facet, one should first, in order to gain a more global perspective on the matter, look at examples of the above-mentioned suburban and urban pests.
Essentially every pest has the same primary goal: stealing food. In Germany’s capital city, Berlin, wild boars have relocated themselves in the city’s many green gardens and are known to explore and exploit peoples’ composted gardens and rummage garbage bins at night. They are physically harmless to people but DO cause car accidents when crossing the streets at night, attack dogs when invading a garden and destroy peoples’ tenderly attended-to gardens. The big problem is that some people feed them, which inflate the problem. As the animals are nocturnal roamers, it is difficult to spot the guilty feeders. (Walker, M. 2008).
The foxes in Britain have a similar affect on suburban and urban areas although their wild-dog nature makes them more of a dangerous visitor. They also rummage through rubbish, but cause more trouble on entering properties and recently there was a case where a fox entered a house and “attacked” the nine-month twin girls while sleeping in their bedroom whilst the parents were watching television in another room. At the crying of the girls, the mother ran to their bedroom, saw blood on their sheets and then claims that a fox was standing right beside her and looking straight at her before it ran away. This story fired many debates on whether the couple’s account of their story was true as foxes are known to be shy animals and do not attack unless they are cornered. Many people started sharing their fox invasion stories and some people admitted to not making a scene about their fox scratches or bites, as they never thought they would be taken seriously. Soon “outfox the fox” tips were advertised everywhere to prevent foxes from gaining access to properties. A debate where on the one side people suggested that the traditional fox-hunting practise came back into practice which David Cameron, the United Kingdom’s Prime Minister was in favour of, and the opposing side of the debate argued for a “live and let live” approach to the fox plight and suggested that people should just stop feeding or tempting the animals with exposed pet food and rubbish bins. Fox hunting the UK remains illegal but “violent” activists now hunt the foxes more than ever before (Barkham, P. 2010).
Rat invasion is a global pest in urban, suburban as well as rural areas without a date-of-origin. Rats invade buildings’ and ships’ unused or unreachable spaces including plumbing pipes, and wiring boxes so that they can be close to easy-accessible food. Although rats are nocturnal animals and very seldom appear during the day, people regard rats as disgusting, unhygienic and dangerous. One can be sure, that a woman who might be walking down a street or sitting in a restaurant would shriek if a rat were to dart past her. This fear for rats may be derived from media representations of rats around humans and their unwelcome existence. The Walt Disney motion picture, Cinderella, proposes a softer side of mice. Mice and rats, although very similar also have different connotations. A mouse is regarded much less harmful than a rat, probably primarily because of their smaller size and in most cases, softer fur even though both families love to live in close proximity to man.
An interesting insight regarding rodent pests is that people have never really considered squirrels as an urban invader even though they are. Squirrels, like rats, also gnaw through telephone lines and carry diseases known as Hantavirus, plague, and a type of roundworm- similar to the diseases rats carry. The first reaction one would get when asking someone why he/she doesn’t perceive a squirrel as a pest, the reply would be that squirrels are so much cuter. Aesthetically, they move more gracefully, and are mostly found higher than eye level, which makes us physically look up to them. They have a fluffy and curvy tail that performs an “act” when they are either on the move or standing still, usually gnawing away at an acorn. Perhaps it is the availability of their presence and the opportunity they grant us to watch them, which makes us more appreciative of their existence and blind to negative qualities they have. According to a debate entitled Rats vs. Squirrels, on the Straight Dope blogsite (Squirrels vs. Rats, 2000), rats have different eating habits to squirrels. Although they eat similar things, things that many other small rodents also eat, the big difference between a squirrel and a rat is that squirrels nibble at a little bit of their food findings and store them away whilst rats upon discovery of a snack, eat until they are full. Knowing this, besides the fact that they are night creatures, one can understand that rats would want to be left on their own to finish their food and would thus roam around when there is no human to interrupt the meal. Out of mere experience, rats presumably know that humans loath their existence and thus continuously stay away from humans, which in turn make us think that they are cowardly crooks in hideout. Besides, rats could certainly become fat on the foods squirrels dine upon so publicly.
The thing with the baboon plight is, that baboons, similar to us; are intelligent and social primates. They are characterised by their hands, handlike feet and forward-facing eyes, which contributes to the fact they they are closer to us in terms of what we are. Baboons similar to humans utilise their own ways of communication for self-expression, exchanging of ideas, organisation and ultimately, just like us, to survive in the simplest possible way.
What baboons do not have, which is why they are so frightening, are the things that make us “civilized beings”, which include; the desire to understand and influence our environment, seeking to explain and manipulate things through science, philosophy, mythology and religion. Anthropology has shown that our natural curiosity has led to inventions that we have passed down culturally which have also marked us as the only species known to make fires, cook our food, clothe ourselves and use many other technologies. According to Laurie Santos, a professor of psychology at the Yale University, interviewed on Big Think, one of the things that make humans unique to other primates is the fact that humans have the motivation and thus the habit to share experiences or information with one another. One can argue that language keeps other primates such as baboons from having this referencing or sharing ability however from watching them, other than their movement in groups, there is no sign of calling and pointing to something that one of them finds fascinating (Santos, L, 2010). As the expression goes, monkey see monkey do, baboon troops have an alpha male and troop leader who iniciates an act and is by his request, either followed or not followed by members of his troop.
In his recent book, Dependent Rational Animals, Alistair MacIntyre, a British Philosopher describes human beings as fundamentally dependent with a tendency to relate to and be between rationality and various virtues. Human beings, in connection to what Santos explained, naturally move and think collaboratively and are therefore dependent creatures. This goes beyond instinct of course, which validates why many species act impulsively in certain circumstances which do not need collaborative contemplation.
Furthermore whereas Anthony Kenny, an English philosopher of the same time as MacIntyre, claims that nonhuman animals cannot have reasons for their actions, MacIntyre argues the opposite. Many intelligent animals try to find out ways to find certain needs such as food and shelter, which act as a reference to why they act as they do. As we are here speaking of wild animals, and we do not know them as well as we know our pets, they seem to lack the capacity to articulate these reasons in language and to reflect on them. If we deny that they have reasons we automatically deny the preconditions of rationality in our own case: “it is because we do have reasons for action prior to any reflection, the kinds of reason that we share with dolphins and chimpanzees, that we have an initial reflection, a starting point for that transition to rationality which a mastery of the complexities of language use can provide” (Philip R. Shields, 2000).
MacIntyre also questions John McDowell’s claim that human beings are born mere animals, and that they are transformed into thinkers and intentional agents in the course of coming to maturity. Why MacIntyre questions McDowell here, is because the “mere animal” beginning is contrasted to adult human thinkers in a way in which the transition between the two stages seem impossible. If humans are born mere animals, they should remain mere animals like mere animals do. McDowell claims that mere animals’ ability to perceive or feel things comes from “immediate biological imperatives” and that animal life is shaped by goals that are an outcome of biological forces visible in their behaviour. MacIntyre argues that the “immediate biological imperatives” of mere animals are guided by an easy, action-reaction reasoning, which is very similar to the analogy related to the human’s rationality development in its prelinguistic stage, where modern language was not yet developed. The prelinguistic stage can be demonstated by members of the nonhuman species as well. Dolphins, gorillas and a few other species cannot be more responsive to their senses than we are for no reason and since these animals pursue ends, their behaviour is not only an outcome of biological forces but may possibly have to do with judgement and innovative adaption.
According to MacIntyre, every animal strives to get hold of goods, which when achieved, represent the “flourishing” of the animal. Humans, like dolphins, are vulnerable to injury, disability and death. MacIntyre uses this vulnerability to demonstrate our need for virtues, which regulate our interdependence.
MacIntyre’s words follow, “If I am to flourish to the full extent that is possible for a human being, then my whole life has to be of a certain kind, one in which I not only engage in and achieve some measure of success in the activities of an independent reasoner, but also receive and have a reasonable expectation of receiving the attentive care needed when I am very young, old and ill, or injured” (Philip R. Shields).
To encapsulate what has just been said, one can look at John Berger’s book, Why Look at Animals? Berger uses Aristotle’s History of Animals, the first major scientific work on comparing man and animal, to illustrate this comparison. He states that there are traces of physical qualities and attitudes, which are obviously more visible in our own species although simultaneously recognisable in the majority of animals. Qualities such as “gentleness and fierceness, mildness or cross-temper, courage or timidity, fear or confidence, high spirits or low cunning” (Berger, J, 1977) and in some cases something similar to judgment can be observed in animals. Berger further mentions that these qualities amongst man and animal differ mostly in quantity. By doing an analogy of a person, one could find knowledge, wisdom and rationality, whereas in some animals one could find a natural potentiality closely related to these qualities. This proposition can most effectively be delivered through the phenomena of the child: “for in children we observe the traces of seeds of what will one day be settled psychological habits, through psychologically a child hardly differs for the time being from an animal...” (Berger, J) Berger, J
In an article posted on the Times Live website, entitled Baboons listen for car alarms, it explains that baboons on the Cape Peninsula have long known how to open tourists’ car doors to get hold of food but now actually listen to the “tweet tweet” of the remote controlled locking system before deciding whether they should bother to attempt the brake-in. Since this occurrence, the National Department of Transport has been asked to develop a clearer warning sign similar to the triangle sign with the red rim showing other wild animals such as a kudu, elephant or warthog, as the white-and-green informative signs (Sapa, 2010). Baboons are a very intelligent species and because of their many successes in carrying out their attempts in snatching away hikers’ rucksacks and managing to invade and get hold of food in households, have become boastful in their cavalier attitude towards humans. As the most developed species, we as humans, feel very threatened by the baboon’s dependent but irrational behaviour. We are just as they are, protectors of our own kind and will kill when they invade our territories- well our “claimed” territory, which used to be theirs. The difference between the baboons and ourselves are, that they have never gone and exterminated our existence through hunting us as we have done to them. They have accepted our presence but also feel free to use or take what belong to us in our immediate living spaces. Something we as a society regard as a criminal offence and if it was a human breaking into our houses and restaurants and defending themselves or hurting our children or ourselves, we would imprison them. But how does one imprison baboons? Make Robben Island, Baboon Island? No.
Like any relationship, both parties need to compromise their situations to best suit their universal needs. As a virtuous species, we cannot just exterminate the unwelcome. It should be in our interest to find a solution, like we do with all our issues, to attain and maintain a healthy balance. We need to compensate for our daft actions of urbanizing and suburbanizing so much nature. Humans are ultimately only one link in a large and complex chain of species.
An example of a positive influence of the baboon species is a case earlier this year (Sapa, 2011), where a troop of baboons inadvertently discovered a new citrus cultivar for a farmer in the Western Cape. According to Alwyn van der Merwe, the owner of the Citrusdal farm, a troop of baboons come down from the mountains, and strikes the orchards every year. The troop usually targets one tree and devours all the fruit about three weeks before the season really starts. On closer inspection this last time around, the farmers discovered that the “brix” or sweetness grade of this particular Minneola, a soft citrus variety was much higher than the rest of the orchard because it started bearing fruit about three weeks before the rest of the orchard. After this discovery, the farmers took some shoots of the tree and grafted them into standard rootstock and sent it to the Citrus Growers Association at Uitenhage where the trees are being multiplied in greenhouse tunnels for further testings. The testing process will take approximately two years for the CGA to clear the trees for testing in real orchards across the country for a period of four years before it can be registered officially.
In the article posted on the Times Live website, Alwyn van der Merwe states, "We were lucky that the baboons' acute sense of smell led them to this particular tree. It was clearly a case of a spontaneous mutation in the orchard, which would have gone unnoticed were it not for the baboons”(Sapa, 2011).
According to Justin O’ Riain, an assistant professor at the UCT Baboon Research Unit, there are currently 16 Cape Peninsula baboon troops, which come to a total of 460 baboons. This proves remarkable monitoring efficiency when considering that there were only 250 baboons in 2005. Troop sizes range from seven to sixty eight baboons, which can be really challenging to monitor.
The Peninsula baboons are the only baboons in South Africa who are protected from hunting by law. Elsewhere a property owner who can prove that baboons are damaging farming land or a domestic home can apply for a permit to hunt them with a limit of 5 a day. Permits are only issued property owners can also prove that they have done every reasonable effort to prevent the baboons from entering their land.
Authorities may put down a Peninsula baboon that has become aggressive in its attempt to steal food from humans only if its case correlates to decision-making criteria, which has been modified recently by the authorities, researchers, and civic representatives for managing raiding baboons.
Other than a suspect baboon’s raiding behaviour, finer details such as its social status, physical condition, and food and water availability are also considered before taking action (O’ Riain, J .2011).
Theoretically the new protocol makes sense for both baboon lovers and –loathers as it ensures a better management of both baboons and their human neighbours. A closely monitored baboon patrol protocol, is a necessary requirement for a sustainable baboon population that will come in less conflict with residents. The challenge of the Baboon Monitors remain to keep the baboon troops together and prevent them from getting into contact with the people, their children and belongings who live in the towns on the Cape Peninsula.
It is sad to think that in terms of urbanization, the damage has been done. We have created a comfortable suburban wild that have become accustomed to the human way of life, which possibly means that there is no turn of the clock. Habitats can be given back, but habits cannot be taken away from species that don’t speak the rational and dependent human language. Whereas in the past where each individual, animal or human could live “each to himself” in his own habitat, we are slowly creating one massive habitat where we have unknowingly and slowly urged not-so-welcome species to join in our daily lives.
A Media campaign which speaks of the urbanisation issue, is the print adverts campaign for World Wildlife Foundation (WWF), “for a living planet” that demonstrates urbanisation and the dear cost animals pay by showing a complex city in the shape of a wild animal. Created by Ogilvy & Mather, Mumbai, India, the WWF adverts 1, 2 and 3 respectively show this concept through the shape of a rhino, a turtle and an elephant. Visually these ads come across as appealing, and the illustrations of the cities are beautiful. The message, although only seen at close inspection when looking at the finer details of the illustrated cities, stating “for a living planet” and proposing a question, “Our life at the cost of theirs?” portrays the urbanisation issue very well.
Animal killing, abuse or simply disrespect, disregard and a dominating attitude towards them, links to a campaign that was done by The Campaign Palace Sydney, Australia for RSPCA (Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals). The print adverts campaign consisting of two adverts, respectively depict a boy and a girl who have been beaten-up. The copy on the adverts explain that a person who abuses a woman probably abused an animal or a child, and a child who suffers domestic violence is likely to be "cruel" with an animal, repeating the pattern. This acts as a parallel to the brutal killings invasive animals into our spaces as the aggression present in that act will only leave an imprint in the minds of the most intellectually absorbent members of our society: our children, who are the future and will determine what the world will be when the generations who have made the errors will not be present to resurrect them.
The WWF advert 4 states, “You can’t afford to be slow in an emergency. Act now for the planet”, done by Ogilvy Paris, France, shows a sea rescue boat that’s on its way to a sinking ship but they have stopped and the rescue team are taking pictures of the sunset. The WWF advert 5 depicts a fire brigade near a burning building but the fire fighters are busy carrying out their shopping bags from a grocery store. The WWF advert 6 shows an ambulance on a long road that leads to a car accident where the car is upside-down and burning but the paramedics have stopped for a toilet break. These adverts speak of timing and as a viewer; one knows that the rescue crews will never make it in time to save the people who are in desperate need.
In John Berger’s book, Why Look at animals? which is also the title essay, the ancient relationship between animals and humankind is explored and shows its once upon a time’s "unspeaking companionship"(Berger, J, 1977). Before the 19th century, animal and man were at the centre of the world as they had an interdependent relationship. Man depended on animals for food, work and transport and animals and animals were perceived as the greatest asset to any productive means and social organization and functionality. This meaning of the animal is even preceded by the fact that animals were seen as holy creatures often with magical functions or appeared in dreams as messengers or symbolised prosperity’s proximity for the dreamer. After the industrial revolution, this bond started coming apart as factories and the automobile replaced the animal as labour and transport machine. Initially the animal was put aside as nobody could have imagined what our world would turn into, but eventually working animals were something that could only be found in historic photographs.
The subheading of the book follows, “Everywhere animals disappear. In zoos they constitute the living monument to their own disappearance,” and this is only because of our development as a civilized species with culture and a values-system within an “organized” and “logical” life. Throughout his book, Berger is concerned about man and his loss of a meaningful connection to nature, a connection that can now only be rediscovered through the experience of beauty: "the aesthetic moment offers hope."
This essay has acted as a shout-out to myself and hopefully to others, that we, as the dominant species are infact a very selfish species, who the majority of the time think of our needs before the needs of those being who have not gotten up to speed with our languages or communication methods, which is why we have blatently left them out of any of our decision making processes. We have multiplied beyond control in our population and proceed daily to take over and intrude on other species’ habitats and through deconstruction simply make it our own and expect them to find another home. Eventually there wont be any room left, and this is what we as individuals can only change when the urge to step back has come to our hearts and it becomes a internal motivation to start to give back to the planet.
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